Basic rules
WHY CITE SOURCES?
Citation allows readers to highlight the materials drawn from other publications and thus to distinguish these parts from the author's personal and novel contributions.
If the material originating from elsewhere is not clearly indicated in the work, the student allows the reader to think that it is their personal and original contribution. This amounts to cheating (plagiarism).
If the material originating from elsewhere is not clearly indicated in the work, the student allows the reader to think that it is their personal and original contribution. This amounts to cheating (plagiarism).
Failure to respect the rules of citation is called plagiarism, which gives rise to the launching of an internal disciplinary procedure. Moreover, relying on duly documented and well-founded information gives credibility to the work. The originality of the work is then easier to highlight.
Finally, the references provided by the author, those which enabled the writing of the document, are useful for the readers who want greater insight into the subject. They are also essential for proofreaders to check the reliability of the sources used.
Finally, the references provided by the author, those which enabled the writing of the document, are useful for the readers who want greater insight into the subject. They are also essential for proofreaders to check the reliability of the sources used.
WHAT SHOULD BE CITED AND THE RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES
Anything that is not a novel, personal contribution must be cited. The law provides an exception to copyright (droit d'auteur) for short citations. The student has the right to quote short extracts using quotation marks or a different font. The student must cite the reference and the author clearly and visibly. For the re-use of a larger text, the authorization of the author is required.
And also,
- Informal communications (e.g. oral communications between a student and a professor or a conversation with a colleague, should not be cited as publications, but should be recognized in the acknowledgements.
- Illustrations are a special case. In contrast to text documents, where segments of the text can be used, illustrations can only be used in their integrity. Illustrations include photographs, graphs, and images. Unless otherwise specified (e.g. Creative Commons license), it is prohibited to use illustrations without explicit permission of the copyright holders.
- For the use of photographs, the student must obtain the authorization of the photographer if the photo is original, but also the authorization of the person photographed if the person is recognizable, or the authorization of the owner of the property photographed, or the authorization of the author of the work photographed (painting, architectural building) instead.
- If the student inserts hypertext links (URLs) in his work which point to websites, the student should use "simple" links which point to the first page of a website.
When the student uses "deep" links pointing directly to content located on an internal page of the site, it must be clearly indicated that this content is not his/her own, otherwise there is a risk of confusion in the minds of the public which may be harmful to the author of that said content.
Also, the student must not use the hypertext links to abusively or systematically extract the contents of databases, or to make them available to the public.
Finally, it is prohibited from knowingly making links to illegal sites.
Works in the public domain. However, the student has the right to freely use the works that have fallen into the public domain, i.e. those whose author(s) have been deceased for more than 70 year.
Please note that, even when the 70-year period has elapsed, the right due to the respect for the work and for the name of the author continues through his rights holders. The student therefore always has to mention the name of the author and refrain from making any modification of the work that would be degrading.
Please note that, even when the 70-year period has elapsed, the right due to the respect for the work and for the name of the author continues through his rights holders. The student therefore always has to mention the name of the author and refrain from making any modification of the work that would be degrading.
HOW TO REUSE A WORK IN ITS ENTIRETY?
Principle
It is forbidden to reproduce an entire work without the express consent of its rightful owners. This also concerns figures, images, computer codes and entire articles.
Exception
A work for strict personal and private use (not published) or for educational purposes. This is a right granted by copyright law to the teacher and his/her students to use and reproduce certain types of works without seeking permission from the copyright owner.
Please note: this educational exception does not allow a student to duplicate an entire work and make it available to class members.
